Have you dined on arapaima? South Americans eat the fish regularly, and University of Florida researchers are studying whether it could be a viable food fish in the United States.

“It has lots of high-quality meat,” said Jeffrey Hill, a UF/IFAS associate professor of fisheries and aquatic sciences. “It’s an easy fish to sell. It’s a really good food fish. It’s one of my favorites. It’s has a good taste. It’s easy to cook.”

Hill, doctoral student Katelyn Lawson and other researchers at the UF/IFAS Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory in Ruskin, Florida, recently published two studies concerning Arapaima. One found the fish can only survive in waters that are at least 16 degrees Celsius, or about 61 degrees Fahrenheit. That means it would only survive in South Florida waters, Hill said. The other study found a low risk of Arapaima getting out of fish farms and into canals. If Arapaima wound up in canals, they would prey on other fish.

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The risk analysis was published in the North American Journal of Fisheries Management, while the lethal temperature study was published in the North American Journal of Aquaculture.

“Arapaima is popular as a food fishery species in South America, where it is native,” said Hill. “Other markets for the meat include the U.S., Europe and Japan. There’s lots of interest in raising them in Southeast Asia, Brazil and at least one farm so far in Florida.” 

UF/IFAS maintains Arapaima at two facilities for research.

Also known as Paiche and Pirarucu, Arapaima can grow to well over 200 pounds in shallow, muddy waters in the Amazon. It's the largest freshwater fish in South America, Arapaima has been overfished in Brazil to the point where fisheries in some regions were closed. Restrictions were placed on other Arapaima fisheries in Brazil. But South Americans still fish for Arapaima in Brazil, Guyana, Bolivia and Peru.

“Potentially there is interest in other states, but the limited cold tolerance of Arapaima prevents them from being grown outdoors during cooler months, which in turn increases production costs,” Hill said. “If production proves successful, then other farms would add the species and additional farms would open with Arapaima as the main or an important component of production. Food fish are really hard to raise economically in Florida, compared to other aquaculture. A fish farmer could actually make money doing this.”