Wallaces Farmer

Iowa State University research shows the value of using cover crops for cattle feed.

August 29, 2019

5 Min Read
black cattle grazing cover crops
GOOD GRAZING: Cover crops protect soil and water quality, but they also can offer value as livestock feed. Rebecca Vittetoe

Until now, there’s been little reliable, Iowa-based information to assess the value and viability of cover crops as a feedstock for Iowa’s cattle industry, which represents an estimated $4 billion to $6 billion of economic activity in the state. A new study is helping answer questions about the practice, with support from the Iowa Nutrient Research Center and the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture at Iowa State University.

“Our goal is to be able to tell producers, ‘This is about what you can expect on average, and this also is the variability you might see,’” says Dan Loy, director of the Iowa Beef Center at ISU and one of the lead researchers. “The preliminary data are encouraging, even with some rather dramatic variations in weather and cover crop growth we’ve had at our study sites.”

Five sites at three ISU research farms were selected for the study to reflect weather and soil conditions around the state. There are three plots on the McNay Research Farm in Lucas County, and one each at Allee Memorial Demonstration Farm in Buena Vista County, and the Western Research and Demonstration Farm in Monona County. The study includes grazed cover crops of cereal rye and oats interseeded into standing corn or soybeans, ungrazed cover crops, and no cover crops. Researchers are evaluating forage yield and quality, growing cattle performance, and soil health.

Forage yields vary widely

Early findings confirm that forage yields vary widely year to year, due to field location, weather patterns and planting dates. Spring biomass yields of cereal rye for 2016-18 ranged from an average of about 800 to almost 2,900 pounds of dry matter per acre at different McNay plots, and about 800 pounds per acre at Allee and Western. In some years, the forage yield per acre was nearly 4 tons of dry matter per acre following corn silage; in other years, the forage yield was fewer than 200 pounds of dry matter per acre when following full-season corn and beans. 

In 2018, the first year for the addition of the fall grazing component in the study, weather conditions made it challenging to establish a cover crop. As a result, fall forage biomass from a cover crop mix of cereal rye and oats ranged from fewer than 100 pounds of dry matter per acre up to 1,675 pounds per acre on the same farm, with midyielding plots around 730 pounds per acre at McNay and 340 pounds per acre at both the Allee and Western farms.

On a good year, at stocking rates of about 1.5 head of cattle per acre, the cereal rye cover crop offered 20 to 27 days of spring grazing. In the fall, the cereal rye and oat cover crop mix provided suitable grazing for eight to 13 days. Other years, such as 2018, spring weather conditions were unfavorable for grazing.

Preliminary data on cattle performance suggests weight gain is similar for stocker cattle grazed on cover crops compared to cattle grazing on pasture.

Grazing helps improve cattle profitability

“Economics can be volatile in the cattle industry, as with most commodities,” Loy says. “Cost control can be extremely important, and stored feed cost is the biggest cost of production. If cattle graze even for a short time, it can improve the bottom line.”

Livestock producers who don’t already graze are often uncertain about adding new water and fencing, says Erika Lundy, ISU Extension beef specialist and research team leader. One way to benefit without creating new infrastructure for grazing is to harvest cover crops as silage or hay to extend winter feed supplies or to sell. Farmers without cattle might sell rights to custom-graze or harvest in late fall or in spring.

Extension field agronomist Rebecca Vittetoe is coordinating aspects of the study, looking at how the grazing of cover crops may affect soil health and soil compaction. It’s too soon to tell the long-term impacts on soil carbon from grazing cover crops, she says, but preliminary bulk density tests that measure compaction levels are encouraging.

Producers must manage grazing

“It looks like this system can potentially work well, as long as cattle stocking rates are reasonable, and producers manage grazing based on environmental conditions,” Vittetoe says. To avoid problems, she recommends producers take livestock off fields during especially wet periods where cattle will cause more compaction issues and “soil surface roughness” that could hamper planting next year’s cash crop — especially corn, which is more sensitive to planting depth.

Managing herbicides is one of the most challenging aspects of using cover crops for cattle feed. “Livestock producers should plan ahead and consider label restrictions on herbicides and other pesticides used earlier in the growing season if they want to use a cover crop for forage,” Vittetoe says. “Herbicide and pesticide residues may prevent successful establishment of a cover crop, and many herbicides used for soybeans would prevent using the cover crop for feed.”

To guide producers, Vittetoe and colleagues have developed an ISU Extension bulletin, Herbicide use may restrict grazing options for cover crops, covering many common herbicides. For more information, check the cdms.net pesticide label database.

Producers interested in cover crops

The Iowa Nutrient Research Center project continues through spring 2020. When completed, plans are to highlight the findings in a fact sheet. The data is also being used to help calibrate the stocker module of the Beef Ration and Nutrition Decision Software (BRaNDS).

Linda Shumate is a grazing adviser for the Iowa Cattlemen’s Association, a position made possible through an Iowa Natural Resources Conservation Service Partners grant. She has coordinated several field days where use of cover crops for fall grazing was demonstrated and research results presented. “Cattle producers are gaining more interest in cover crops as they see the need and benefits in their soil health that will also allow them to extend their grazing seasons,” Shumate says.

“Land is getting more expensive, and many producers are losing pastureland,” she points out. “As a result, they are looking for ways to get the most out of cropland they have by adding value with cover crops.”

Source: ISU, which is solely responsible for the information provided and is wholly owned by the source. Informa Business Media and all its subsidiaries are not responsible for any of the content contained in this information asset.

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