According to Courtney Halbach, University of Wisconsin Extension Dairyland Initiative outreach specialist, now is a great time to make sure the ventilation systems in your dairy and calf facilities are in good working order.

“The goal is to have even air distribution and to prevent freezing in the barn,” said Halbach, who spoke during a recent Professional Dairy Producers Dairy Signal webinar.

Dairy cows are most comfortable when temperatures are between 40 and 70 degrees F. “That’s their sweet spot,” she said. “They don’t need to expend extra energy to keep warm or cool off. Cows are more cold-tolerant than they are heat-tolerant. We don’t see as many detrimental effects of cold weather as we do of hot weather.”

Halbach said cows produce a lot of heat. “Their rumens are working, they are producing a lot of milk, and they are generating a lot of heat on their own,” she explained. “They can handle cool weather a lot easier than humans.

“Here in the Midwest and on the East Coast, we have plenty of days where we are outside of those ideal temperatures and are either too hot or too cold. The question is, how do we manage around those lower temperatures once it starts getting below 40 degrees?”

How does ventilation work?

“Ideally,” Halbach said, “ventilation brings fresh air into a building. Fresh air replaces heat, moisture, noxious gases and pathogens. Ventilation is extremely important.”

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She noted that it is vital to keep barns dry. “Moisture increases the survival of bacteria in the air,” Halbach explained. “At high humidity levels, the droplets are smaller, allowing deeper penetration.”

When ventilating a barn, there are four target areas, according to Halbach:

Calves are affected more by cold stress than cows. According to Halbach, the ideal temperature for newborn calves is between 50 and 78 degrees.

“As they get a little older, their cold tolerance increases too,” she said. “For 1-month-old calves, the ideal temperature range is between 32 degrees and 73 degrees F. We need to be extra conscientious about keeping newborn calves warm.”

Methods for doing that, Halbach said, include:

“No matter what your ventilation system is, it’s important that calves are kept in a nice, warm, dry place,” Halbach said. “Calves are susceptible to respiratory disease, and high moisture can contribute to that.”

A poor ventilation system can increase the risk of pneumonia in both cows and calves.

Be sure to clean fans

Halbach said now is the perfect time of year to put on a mask and clean the fans.

“Fans can get a buildup of dust and debris,” she said. “Make sure the fans are oiled, the belts are tight, and they are doing the job they are supposed to do. Buildup on fans can reduce their efficiency by 24%.”

The minimum ventilation rate in cold weather for both cows and calves is that the air should change in a building four times per hour, Halbach said.

Stocking density in a dairy barn plays a role in air quality, she noted. “If a barn is overstocked, increase the ventilation rate — but be aware, that will also make the barn colder,” she said.

When temperatures fall below 40 degrees, Halbach recommends closing side curtains.

“When you are around during the day, open the curtains to air out the barn,” she said.